Le Mans Prototype

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A group of Le Mans prototypes competing in the American Le Mans Series

Audi R10 TDI in the 2008 12 Hours of Sebring

A Le Mans Prototype (commonly abbreviated as LMP) is a type of sports prototype race car most notably used in the 24 Hours of Le Mans, American Le Mans Series and Le Mans Series. Created by the Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO), they are the fastest closed-wheel racing cars used in circuit racing today, considered a class above production-based grand tourer cars which compete alongside them in sports car racing. Their cost and technology makes them comparable to Formula One cars, including reaching higher maximum speeds than Formula One.
Although most commonly known as Le Mans Prototypes, these types of cars have used various names depending on the series in which they compete. The FIA's equivalent cars were referred to as Sports Racers (SR) or Sports Racing Prototypes (SRP). The American IMSA GT Championship termed their cars World Sports Cars (WSC), while the short-lived United States Road Racing Championship used the classic Can-Am (CA) name for their prototypes. Since 2004, all series have switched to referring to these cars as Le Mans Prototypes.

History

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The first use of what would become Le Mans Prototypes was at the 1992 24 Hours of Le Mans. In an attempt to increase the number of entrants beyond the small field of Group C competitors that the World Sportscar Championship had to offer, older Porsche 962s were allowed entry in Category 3. To further increase the size of the field, small open-cockpit race cars using production road car engines which were raced in small national championships were allowed in Category 4. Only three cars (a Debora-Alfa Romeo, a Ren-Car Peugeot and a WR-Peugeot) were entered, with all failing to run more than a few hours.
However at the end of 1992, the World Sportscar Championship as well as the All Japan Sports Prototype Championship collapsed, leaving the expensive Group C prototypes little competition outside of Le Mans. With Group C being phased out, the ACO chose to allow production-based race cars to enter for the first time in many years, while at the same time creating the Le Mans Prototype (LMP) class. The cars continued to use the same formula as they had in 1992, but the ACO later announced their intentions to completely replace the Group C cars with Le Mans Prototypes in 1994. Two classes were created, with LMP1s running large displacement custom-built engines that were usually turbocharged, and LMP2 using the smaller displacement production-based engines. Both classes were required to have open cockpits. At the same time, the IMSA GT Championship announced the end of their closed cockpit GTP and Lights classes, deciding as well to replace them with a single open-cockpit class of World Sports Cars equivalent to LMP1.

An early Riley & Scott Mk III which competed in IMSA's WSC class.

This formula continued up to 1996, with many manufacturers embracing the LMP and WSC classes, including Ferrari, Porsche, and Mazda. In 1997, the first European series based around Le Mans Prototypes were launched, known as the International Sports Racing Series. Using classes similar to LMP1/WSC and LMP2, these cars were known as SR1 and SR2 by the FIA. 1998 saw the creation of another series of Le Mans Prototypes, with the new United States Road Racing Championship attempting to break away from the IMSA GT Championship. To differ from IMSA'S WSC class, the USRRC named their open-cockpit prototypes as Can-Am in an attempt to resurrect the sportscar championship of the 1970s. However the USRRC collapsed before the end of 1999, with the series becoming the Rolex Sports Car Series who chose to use the FIA's SR1 and SR2 formula instead.
1999 saw a great expansion for the ACO's LMP classes. Following the cancellation of the IMSA GT Championship at the end of 1998, the ACO would allow for the creation of the American Le Mans Series. This series used the same class structure as the 24 Hours of Le Mans, meaning it was the first championship to use the LMP name. At the same time, the ACO greatly altered their LMP classes. The smaller LMP2 class were briefly eliminated, while a new class of closed-cockpit prototypes were allowed in, known as LMGTP (Le Mans Grand Touring Prototype). These cars were actually evolutions of production-based road cars that the ACO considered too advanced and too fast to fall under the GT class regulations, forcing the ACO to promote them to prototypes.

A Bentley Speed 8 as used in 2003

2000 saw changes to the LMP regulations, as the ACO once again split the open-cockpit LMP class. The two new classes became known as LMP900 and LMP675, with the numbers denoting the minimum weight requirements (in kilograms) for each class. LMP900s were to be more powerful and faster in top speed, but also heavier and more cumbersome. LMP675s on the other hand were to be smaller and more nimble, yet lack the top speed of their larger cousins. Both classes were intended to be able to compete for overall wins. Audi, Chrysler, Cadillac, and Panoz opted to use the LMP900 class, while MG were the only major manufacturer to attempt the LMP675 class. The LMGTP class also continued, with Bentley being the only manufacturer to build a closed-cockpit prototype after the regulation changes in 2000.
Outside of Le Mans, the FIA SR classes would suffer from these rule changes. The SR2 class no longer aligned perfectly with the new LMP675 class, with more powerful and durable racing engines being allowed in the latter. The SR1 and LMP900 classes also did not use the same rules, although engines were mostly similar. This meant that teams competing in the newly renamed FIA Sportscar Championship required modifications to their cars to be able to compete at Le Mans or in the new European Le Mans Series, a second series split from the American Le Mans Series. With FIA Sportscar Championship teams unwilling to modify their cars to run in the ELMS, that series was canceled due to lack of participants. However the demand to race at Le Mans eventually forced the FIA Sportscar Championship itself to be canceled in 2003, with most competitors choosing to comply with the ACO's regulations instead of the FIA's. With the Rolex Sports Car Series also abandoning their SR classes at the end of 2003 for their own unique Daytona Prototypes, this meant that the ACO LMPs were the only open-cockpit prototypes left.

The dominant entry in the short-lived LMP675 class, the MG-Lola EX257.

With the prototype classes now unified under the ACO's rules, the class structure was once again reorganized. The LMP675 class was considered a failure, due to the small engines lacking the reliability necessary to actually compete for overall wins, regardless of any advantage they had with cornering and weight. The LMGTP class was also considered redundant since the cars had only minor rule differences from LMP900s. Thus, the classes were changed to LMP1 and LMP2, with the top class once again being larger and more powerful. However the smaller LMP2 class was now intended solely for privateers, with major manufacturers encouraged to move to LMP1. This meant LMP2s were no longer meant to run for overall race wins. Since the LMGTP class was eliminated, both LMP1 and LMP2 were allowed to have either open or closed-cockpit designs. These new rules also added increased safety requirements, including larger rollover hoops and aerodynamic plates attached to the rear of the car in order to prevent prototypes from becoming airborne in accidents.
The LMP1 and LMP2 classes continue to be used at the 24 Hours of Le Mans and in the newer championships that were created by the ACO: the Le Mans Series in 2004 and the Japan Le Mans Challenge in 2006. In 2004, the ACO renamed LMP900 back to LMP1, and with this they limited the rear wing to 1.9m and reduced the fuel tank capacity from 90L to 80L. This is done in an effort to promote new "hybrid" LMP1 cars whilst putting more restrictions on the aging LMP900 cars like the Audi R8. New safety measures were also brought in, and prototypes are now required to have 2 rollover bars instead of just 1. 2006 was the final year that LMP900 chassis are allowed to be entered.
From 2006 to 2010, the regulations were as follow:
LMP1 No limits on the amount of cylinders in an engine. Naturally aspirated petrol engines have a maximum engine capacity of 6000cc. Diesel engines are allowed a maximum of 5500cc with two-stage charging device. Turbocharged petrol engines (limited to only a single stage charging device) are allowed 4000cc with a maximum of 8 cylinders. All prototypes have a minimum weight of 900kg and 90L of fuel capacity.
Following the Audi R10 TDI's superior performance at the 2006 Le Mans 24 Hours, the ACO reduced the restrictor and turbo boost on diesel engines, as well as imposing a 81L fuel capacity limit on diesel prototypes. The ACO also opened a "production-based engine" loophole, allowing 47.8mm of restrictor for any production-based engine instead of the normal 45.5mm. Engine capacities allowed up to 7000cc. The Lola B08/60 Aston Martin was the first car to take advantage of this loophole.
The turbo boost pressure on diesel engines continue to be progressively decreased by the year. Later on the ACO raised the minimum weight of diesel engined cars to 930kg. In 2009, all LMP rear wing width limit was reduced from 2.00m to 1.60m.
LMP2 Naturally aspirated engines have a maximum engine capacity of 3400cc, with a maximum of 8 cylinders. Single-staged turbocharged engines allowed 2000cc with a maximum of 6 cylinders. Production-based diesel engines are allowed 4400cc, although no car took this engine choice. All prototypes have a minimum weight of 775kg and fuel tank capacity of 90L.
With the ALMS's P2-favouring track nature, the Penske racing Porsche RS Spyder outperformed the Audi R10 TDI in the 2007 American Le Mans Series season, scoring 8 overall wins against Audi's 4. For 2008, the minimum weight of LMP2 cars were raised to 825kg, and fuel tank capacity limit was brought down to 80L.
In 2009, LMP2 restrictors were brought down from 45.5mm to 43.5mm.

Technical regulations

A current LMP1 class competitor, the diesel Audi R18 TDI.

	2009 Lola-Aston Martin LMP1 Lola-Aston Martin LMP1 at Goodwood Festival of Speed 2009
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A current LMP2 class competitor, the Greaves Motorsport Zytek S11SN-Nissan at the 2011 24 Hours of Le Mans

As of 2011, the main technical regulations for the LMP class cars are as listed below:

• LMP1^[1] - intended especially for manufacturers: minimum weight of 900 kg (1984 lb). Naturally aspirated engines limited to 3400 cc (207.5 ci). Turbochargers and superchargers allowed for petrol engines with a maximum displacement of 2000 cc (122 ci) and for diesel engines with a maximum displacement of 3700 cc (225.8 ci), restrictor-limited to around 520 bhp. No limits on the number of cylinders for any type of engine. Fuel tank size of 75 litres (16.5 gallons) for petrol engines, 73 litres (16 gallons) for hybrid petrol engines, 65 litres (14.3 gallons) for diesel engines and 71 litres (15.6 gallons) for hybrid diesel engines. Wheel size (maximum diameter) of 28.5 inches (720 mm) and maximum width of 16 inches (410 mm). LMP1 cars are generally the most powerful, with faster straightaway speeds.

• LMP2^[2] - intended especially for privateers: minimum weight of 900 kg (1984 lb) or 920 kg (2028 lb) for 2010 cars in 2011 configuration. Only production-based engines are allowed in LMP2 with diesel engines banned. Naturally aspirated engines limited to 5000 cc (305.1 ci) with a maximum of eight cylinders. Turbocharging and supercharging are allowed for petrol engines with a maximum displacement of 3200 cc (195.3 ci) and a maximum of six cylinders, restrictor-limited to around 450 bhp. Fuel tank size of 75 litres (16.5 gallons) all type of engines. Wheel size (maximum diameter) of 23 inches (580 mm) and maximum width of 14 inches (360 mm).
• LMPC - Le Mans Prototype Challenge

Biofuels, specifically petrol with 10% ethanol and biodiesel (BTL), are allowed in both categories.
Both classes allow open or closed-cockpit designs (closed car must have a windscreen, a roof and doors on each side). New for 2011, all closed-cockpit cars must have fins on the rear bodywork to prevent them from rolling over in the air during crashes. Although a passenger seat is not used, cars have to be designed to carry two people. The empty area of the cockpit is therefore usually used to hold electronic devices and cooling equipment.
Dimensions are limited to a maximum of 4650 mm (183.1 in) in length, 2000 mm (78.7 in) in width, and 1030 mm (40.6 in) in height (from the bottom of the bodywork, not the ground). Bodywork is also required to cover all mechanical elements of the car, so that it cannot be visible when the car is viewed directly from the front, side, or top.